Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in urban China: A national population-based study

BackgroundCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the major global health problems worldwide. However, the epidemiological information of CAP is limited in China. This study aimed to estimate the incidence rate of CAP and describe the epidemiologic characteristics among the Chinese population.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of CAP incidence using the Chinese Urban Basic Medical Insurance database of 23 provinces in 2016, which covered 427.52 million urban beneficiaries of all age groups in Mainland China. CAP episodes were identified using a diagnosis-term-derived algorithm, and multiple CAP records of one single person within 90 continuous days were considered as one single episode. The incidence rates were calculated and described by sex, age, region, and season.ResultsA total of 1.42 million patients were identified as having one or more CAP episodes, and finally a sum of 1.48 million CAP episodes were counted. The overall incidence of CAP was 7.13 (95% CI: 6.11–8.15) per 1000 person-years, in males 7.32 (95% CI: 6.28–8.35) and females 6.93 (95% CI: 5.92–7.94) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The incidence varied by age with a U-shaped curve peaking in children aged < 5 years old [65.80 (95% CI: 62.52–69.08)] and elderly population aged ≥ 80 years old [14.98 (95% CI: 13.63–16.34)]. The incidence varied markedly by regions. Furthermore, the rate showed a clear seasonal trend, which peaked in spring, decreased in summer and autumn, and re-ascended in winter.ConclusionThis study reveals a relatively high level of CAP incidence in China. These findings provide baseline data for establishing effective prevention strategies, targeted at susceptible populations, regions, and seasons in China.     

枸杞多糖对颅内动脉瘤大鼠NF-κB信号通路及血管内皮组织炎性损伤的影响

目的 探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对颅内动脉瘤(IA)大鼠核蛋白因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白通路及血管内皮组织炎性损伤的影响。方法 取SD雌性大鼠50只,采用切除双侧卵巢并结扎左侧颈总动脉及双侧肾动脉后支以构建IA模型,随机分为IA模型组、LBP低(5 mg/kg)、中(10 mg/kg)、高(20 mg/kg)剂量组,另取10只大鼠,只暴露卵巢、颈总动脉、双侧肾动脉后支,不进行摘除和结扎,作为对照组(Control组); 各组均于手术1周后,开始给药,Control组、IA模型组经灌胃给予生理盐水,LBP各剂量组灌胃给予相应剂量药物,1次/d,共给药30 d; 末次给药12 h后处死,取大鼠血液用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清炎性因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及血管内皮损伤标志物血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血管内皮素(ET)水平; 分离取出大鼠脑动脉(Wills)环,在40倍显微镜下检查大脑动脉(Wills)环病理改变,并检测动脉瘤血管壁厚度及动脉瘤体积; 取脑动脉瘤血管组织,用苏木精-伊红染色(HE)检测动脉瘤血管组织病理变化; 蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测动脉瘤血管组织NF-κB,Toll样受体-4(TLR4)蛋白表达水平。结果 与Control组比较,IA模型组大鼠Willis环上凸起、管壁厚度和肿动脉瘤体积、动脉瘤内皮细胞空泡变性及炎性细胞浸润等病理损伤程度、血清IL-6,TNF-α,VEGF,ET水平、动脉瘤血管组织NF-κB和TLR4蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05); 与IA模型组比较,LBP低、中、高剂量组大鼠Willis环上凸起、管壁厚度和动脉瘤体积、动脉瘤内皮细胞空泡变性及炎性细胞浸润等病理损伤程度、血清IL-6,TNF-α,VEGF,ET水平、动脉瘤血管组织NF-κB和TLR4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),且LBP各剂量组上述指标水平呈剂量依赖性降低。结论 LBP可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路激活、降低炎症反应来减轻IA血管内皮组织损伤。     

Higher mass meningococcal group C-tetanus toxoid vaccines conjugated with carbodiimide correlate with greater immunogenicity

To examine the link between meningococcal C (MenC) vaccine size and immunogenic response, a panel of MenC glycoconjugate vaccines were prepared differing in chain length, molar mass and hydrodynamic volume. The preparations consisted of different lengths of MenC polysaccharide (PS) covalently linked to monomeric purified tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein using the coupling reagent ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and viscometry analysis confirmed that the panel of MenC-TT conjugates spanned masses of 191,500 to 2,348,000 g/mol, and hydrodynamic radii ranging from 12.1 to 47.9 nm. The two largest conjugates were elliptical in shape, whereas the two smallest conjugates were more spherical. The larger conjugates appeared to fit a model described by multiple TTs with cross-linked PS, typical of lattice-like networks described previously for TT conjugates, while the smaller conjugates were found to fit a monomeric or dimeric TT configuration. The effect of vaccine conjugate size on immune responses was determined using a two-dose murine immunization. The two larger panel vaccine conjugates produced higher anti-MenC IgG1 and IgG2b titres after the second dose. Larger vaccine conjugate size also stimulated greater T-cell proliferative responses in an in vitro recall assay, although cytokines indicative of a T-helper response were not measurable. In conclusion, larger MenC-TT conjugates up to 2,348,000 g/mol produced by EDC chemistry correlate with greater humoral and cellular murine immune responses. These observations suggest that conjugate size can be an important modulator of immune response.     

南方红豆杉多糖对宫颈癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

〔摘 要〕 目的：探究南方红豆杉多糖对宫颈癌 HeLa 细胞株增殖、凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法：经体外培养并取 对数生长期人宫颈癌 HeLa 细胞，分别予以不同浓度红豆杉多糖（30、60、90、120 μmol·L-1），将其设为四组，并设对照 组加入等量 0.9 % 氯化钠溶液。应用 MTT 法检测细胞增殖情况，流式法检测细胞凋亡情况，Western blot 法检测 Survivin、 Caspase–3、Bcl–2、P53 蛋 白 表 达 情 况。 结果： 与 对 照 组 相 比，30 μmol·L-1 组、60 μmol·L-1 组、90 μmol·L-1 组、 120 μmol·L-1 组的宫颈癌 HeLa 细胞增殖抑制率、细胞凋亡率显著升高，差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。P53 蛋白表达 量明显升高，Survivin、Bcl–2、Caspase–3 蛋白表水平显著降低，差异具有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。结论：南方红豆杉多糖 可抑制宫颈癌 HeLa 细胞增殖，促进细胞凋亡，其作用机制可能与下调 Survivin、Bcl–2、Caspase–3 表达，上调 P53 表达有关。     

枸杞多糖对大鼠角膜缘干细胞体外增殖的影响研究

目的通过体外分离和培养大鼠角膜缘干细胞(Limbal Stem Cells, LSCs)，观察枸杞多糖(Lyciumbarbarum Polysaccharide, LBP)对LSCs体外增殖的影响，为中药体外培养LSCs的研究提供实验资料。 方法体外分离和培养LSCs，显微镜观察LSCs的细胞形态特征，通过免疫荧光检测转录因子p63初步鉴定大鼠LSCs；分对照组和枸杞多糖处理组，每组20例，免疫印迹检测增殖细胞核抗原(Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, PCNA)，初步探讨枸杞多糖对LSCs的增殖影响。 结果镜下观察LSCs体积小，呈多边形或椭圆形，胞核较大，核质比例大，免疫荧光结果显示体外分离的LSCs可表达p63(阳性率为76.41±1.66%)；枸杞多糖处理后LSCs的PCNA蛋白的表达水平高于对照组，并且随着枸杞多糖浓度的增加，PCNA蛋白的表达升高(P<0.05)。 结论枸杞多糖对LSCs的增殖和生长具有促进和维持的作用。     

Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING

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国产隐球菌荚膜多糖胶体金法检测试剂盒性能评价

目的评价由丹娜(天津)生物科技股份有限公司生产的隐球菌荚膜多糖检测试剂盒(胶体金法,考核试剂)的检测性能。方法选取隐球菌和隐球菌近缘菌及肺部感染常见菌种共28属100株菌作为研究对象,配制0.5麦氏浊度单位(0.5 M)菌液检测试剂的特异性,0.5 M阳性的菌株以10倍倍比稀释液作为灵敏度检测菌液,以2 M和4 M浓度菌液作为钩状效应检测菌液,并以美国Immuno Mycologics公司生产的隐球菌抗原检测(胶体金免疫层析法)试剂盒作为对比试剂,比较两家试剂的一致性。结果31株隐球菌属菌株中,考核试剂检测出阳性25株(新型隐球菌和格特隐球菌均为阳性),阴性6株(维多利亚隐球菌、C.dimennae和大隐球菌);16株毛孢子菌属菌株中,检测出阳性12株,阴性4株;1株Cutaneotrichosporon curvatum检测结果为阳性;52株其他菌株的检测结果均为阴性;灵敏度实验结果显示考核试剂隐球菌最低检出限为1.0×10² CFU/mL;2 M和4 M浓度菌液均未出现钩状效应。结论考核试剂隐球菌荚膜多糖检测试剂盒(胶体金法)检测隐球菌属的灵敏度高于比对试剂;特异性方面存在一定的属内和属外交叉反应,但与对比试剂的检测结果高度一致;考核试剂与比对试剂均无钩状效应产生。     

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein preventative treatment ameliorates aversive stimuli-induced depression

Previous studies have shown that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,the main active component of Lycium barbarum,exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in treating neurological diseases.However,the therapeutic action of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on depression has not been studied.In this investigation,we established mouse models of depression using aversive stimuli including exposure to fox urine,air puff and foot shock and physical restraint.Concurrently,we administered 5 mg/kg per day Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein to each mouse intragastrically for the 28 days.Our results showed that long-term exposure to aversive stimuli significantly enhanced depressive-like behavior evaluated by the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test and increased anxietylike behaviors evaluated using the open field test.In addition,aversive stimuli-induced depressed mice exhibited aberrant neuronal activity in the lateral habenula.Importantly,concurrent Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein treatment significantly reduced these changes.These findings suggest that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein is a potential preventative intervention for depression and may act by preventing aberrant neuronal activity and microglial activation in the lateral habenula.The study was approved by the Jinan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(approval No.20170301003) on March 1,2017.     

伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小测定中层析-比色法优化和层析-积分法比较

目的 优化层析-比色法，并对该方法进行分析方法验证；比较优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法，评价两方法测定伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小的适用性。方法 优化比色法O-乙酰基标准曲线浓度范围，对该方法进行准确度、重复性、中间精密度、线性和耐用性的验证；应用优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法检测多批次伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小，对结果进行统计学分析。结果 优化层析-比色法准确度回收率均为100%；样品的重复性相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation，RSD）分别为2.4%和0.0%，中间精密度RSD均为3.4%，连续5次测定标准曲线，决定系数均大于0.999 0，耐用性RSD为4.6%。优化层析-比色法和层析-积分法在检测伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小时，差异无统计学意义（t=-1.372，P＞0.05）。结论  优化的比色法具有良好的准确度、重复性、中间精密度、线性和耐用性，两种方法均可用于检测伤寒Vi精制多糖分子大小。     

Persistent serotype 3 and 19A invasive pneumococcal diseases in adults in vaccine era: Serotype-dependent difference in ceftriaxone susceptibility

BackgroundInvasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in children and elderly populations. Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of IPD isolates are changing with the implementation of pneumococcal vaccination and increasing antibiotic use worldwide. We aimed to determine serotype distribution, antibiogram, and molecular epidemiology of pneumococci in the late stage of PCV13 era.MethodsProspective multicenter IPD surveillance study was conducted for adults aged ≥ 19 years from July 2019 to June 2021. Clinical and epidemiologic data were collected. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility test, serotype identification and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was taken for pneumococcal isolates.ResultsA total of 160 IPD cases were collected with mean age of 65.1 years (male, 72.5%). Serotyping was taken for 116 available pneumococcal isolates. PCV13 and PPSV23 serotypes were 32.8% (n = 38) and 56.0% (n = 65), respectively. Serotype 3 (13.8%) and 19A (9.5%) were the most common causative agents of IPD, followed by serogroup 11 (6.9%), 23A (6.9%), 10A (4.3%), and 15B (4.3%). Notably, 32.5% of invasive pneumococcal isolates were non-susceptible to ceftriaxone. Serotypes 11A, 11E and 19A pneumococci showed high ceftriaxone non-susceptible rate (80%, 100% and 81.8% respectively), and they were related to sequence type (ST) 166 and ST320. In comparison, most serotype 3 isolates were ceftriaxone susceptible and related to ST180.ConclusionsPCV serotypes, especially 3 and 19A, are still prevalent in adult IPDs, suggesting that individual PCV13 immunization would be necessary for the elderly people and chronically ill patients. Ceftriaxone non-susceptible rate was remarkably high in invasive pneumococcal isolates.